Achievement Gap

June 1, 2004

Chicago has become a leader among urban school districts in bringing more Advanced Placement courses to neighborhood high schools. But racial disparities still exist. African American students are least likely to take AP courses, while Latino participation is surging.

Table of Contents

CPS a leader in AP growth

Maureen Kelleher

As a freshman at Kennedy High in Garfield Ridge, Rocio Barba knew she was good at math and thought she might become a computer technician. Now she's valedictorian for the Class of 2004, heading to the University of Chicago next fall and planning to major in math. Her eventual goal is to become an engineer.

Rocio credits the six Advanced Placement courses she's taken at Kennedy with helping her set her sights on a top-notch university and a more demanding career. Kennedy began making a concerted effort four years ago to expand AP course offerings, recruit prospective students...

Low pass rates on AP exams raise questions about teaching

Maureen Kelleher

According to the College Board, Chicago Public Schools has done more than any other urban district in the country to expand its Advanced Placement course offerings over the past several years.

But while the number of AP courses has increased, pass rates on AP exams remain substantially below the national average. Pass rates are the number of exams—students may take more than one—that earned scores of 3 and above, considered the threshold for college credit.

In 2003, Chicago's pass rate was 42 percent, compared to a nationwide rate of 60 percent, the College Board reports. And...

AP no longer just for the elite

Maureen Kelleher

For many years, schools, teachers and even the College Board considered Advanced Placement courses to be only for elite high-achievers. But that attitude is changing, as education policymakers point out that more high school students are heading to post-secondary institutions and need tough classes to prepare them.

"Certainly we encourage students to have taken prerequisites," such as algebra and trigonometry courses leading to AP calculus, says Mike Barry, the College Board's program associate for AP. "[But] we encourage anyone who is willing to take on the challenge to be...

Helping students help themselves

Maureen Kelleher

Last fall, grassroots pressure helped bring a nationally recognized college-prep program for low-income and minority students to eight Chicago high schools. Next year, that number will more than double.

The program, called AVID, for Advancement Via Individual Determination, focuses on students who have average grades and test scores and need more skills and savvy to prepare for college.

"AVID is for smart students who need to learn how to do school better," says Venessa Woods, AVID coordinator at Evanston Township High School, which has had the program for six years. "Imagine...

IB gives students a leg up in college

Maureen Kelleher

During the past seven years, a dozen Chicago schools have become members of the International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO), earning authorization to offer the prestigious International Baccalaureate program and diploma. And preliminary results from a study at DePaul University shows students are reaping the benefits of IB's intensive program.

This summer, a 13th school, Collins High in North Lawndale, expects to join IBO as well.

"No large-city school system has embraced the IB as Chicago has," says Ralph Cline, head of school services for International Baccalaureate...

'Encouragement sparks effort'

Maureen Kelleher

For the past few years, public policy lecturer Ronald Ferguson of Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government has researched racial achievement gaps. In a 2002 report on racial disparities in high-achieving suburban high schools, Ferguson uses survey data from thousands of middle and high school students of all races and ethnic backgrounds to examine why students of color often underperform, and what schools can do about it. Ferguson also helped launch the Tripod Project, which helps schools strengthen curriculum, teaching and teacher-student relationships. He spoke with Catalyst...

WebExtra: Uncertain funding for 100 new schools

L. Forte, V. Anderson and M. Kelleher

At the moment, the math simply doesn't add up.

The Chicago Public School 's sweeping plan to open 100 new schools in the next six years creates a lopsided budget equation that may be difficult to balance.

On one side of that equation is the estimated $125 million needed to launch the new schools . CPS officials predict that startup expenses will average $1 million for each elementary school and $1.5 million per high school.

On the other side is the dismal state of the district's finances—CPS simply has no money to spare. The district was forced to make drastic cuts...

Renaissance 2010

An unprecedented experiment in school reform is underway here. Piggybacking on the city's plan to tear down a glut of high-rise public housing and replace them with mixed-income communities, Chicago Public Schools has committed to remaking the schools in one area.

An unprecedented experiment in school reform is underway here. Piggybacking on the city's plan to tear down a glut of high-rise public housing and replace them with mixed-income communities, Chicago...
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Five years ago, the Chicago Housing Authority began moving residents out of the infamous Robert Taylor Homes, a two-mile stretch of high-rise buildings saturated with crime and intense poverty.

The goal for this and other areas in the Chicago Housing Authority's Plan for Transformation: To remove concentrated public housing structures and replace them with mixed-income communities.

Five years ago, the Chicago Housing Authority began moving residents out of the infamous Robert Taylor Homes, a two-mile stretch of high-rise buildings saturated with crime and intense poverty. The...
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This summer, Chicago Public Schools will unveil an ambitious initiative to reinvent 25 schools in Mid-South to serve the economically diverse community that urban planners hope to create.

The plan, according to two sources who have been briefed on it, calls for reopening some schools that are already closed, like Donoghue Elementary, and closing others for low enrollment.

Indeed, in early June, CPS announced it would close four Mid-South elementary schools—Doolittle West, Douglas, Hartigan and Raymond.

This summer, Chicago Public Schools will unveil an ambitious initiative to reinvent 25 schools in Mid-South to serve the economically diverse community that urban planners hope to create. The plan,...
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Signs of change abound in Mid-South. Some are as subtle as the flower-filled concrete planters that decorate the otherwise bleak landscape where high-rise public housing once stood.

Others are overwhelming. A new $65 million headquarters for the Chicago Police Department on the corner of 35th Street and Michigan Avenue. Two new buildings on the campus of the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), one of them, the McCormick Tribune Campus Center, straddled by a dramatic 530-foot, concrete-and-steel tube encasing the CTA Green Line El tracks at 33rd and State Street.

Signs of change abound in Mid-South. Some are as subtle as the flower-filled concrete planters that decorate the otherwise bleak landscape where high-rise public housing once stood. Others are...
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By: Dan Eder

Ronald Stewart, a freshman at Gage Park High School, has a busy spring schedule. He runs track, plays baseball and is a member of the Beta Club, an academic team that competes against other schools.

But Stewart is exceptional, judging by the results of a recent study of how Chicago 9th-graders spend their after-school hours.

Ronald Stewart, a freshman at Gage Park High School, has a busy spring schedule. He runs track, plays baseball and is a member of the Beta Club, an academic team that competes against other schools....
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Ten public schools are nearing the end of a last-ditch effort initiated by the Chicago Teachers Union to keep them open despite low test scores.

The 10 "partnership schools" were selected last spring to receive additional resources from the union and the School Board to jumpstart student performance.

Ten public schools are nearing the end of a last-ditch effort initiated by the Chicago Teachers Union to keep them open despite low test scores. The 10 "partnership schools" were selected last...
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As many as 22 Chicago schools could be converted into charter schools, taken over by the district or state, restaffed with new teachers and administrators, or turned into contract schools for the 2005-06 school year, according to CPS officials.

The 22 schools are those that have already gone four years without making what the federal No Child Left Behind Act calls "adequate yearly progress" in reading and math, putting them into what is called "corrective action." If they don't hit test score targets either this year or the next, "restructuring" is to take place in year six.

As many as 22 Chicago schools could be converted into charter schools, taken over by the district or state, restaffed with new teachers and administrators, or turned into contract schools for the...
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Now that some 9,000 CPS teachers and support staff have passed judgment on their principals, the Chicago Teachers Union is attempting to see if the ratings correlate with school performance.

Robert Bruno, an associate professor of labor and industrial relations at the University of Illinois at Chicago, is comparing results of the union's Principal Performance Survey to 10 years of school data, including staff attrition, student test scores and student turnover rates. Results from the new analysis are expected to be released in June.

Now that some 9,000 CPS teachers and support staff have passed judgment on their principals, the Chicago Teachers Union is attempting to see if the ratings correlate with school performance. Robert...
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The Chicago Public Education Fund has raised more than half of a new $15 million funding initiative that will continue its work to improve leadership in the city's public schools.

The new fund will help support leadership training for teachers and principals in new schools, financial rewards for school leaders who improve student achievement, a new principal preparation system for CPS and efforts to encourage teachers in troubled schools to take on National Board Certification.

It also will promote the use of data to make decisions.

The Chicago Public Education Fund has raised more than half of a new $15 million funding initiative that will continue its work to improve leadership in the city's public schools. The new fund will...
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By: Catalyst

Voucher schools unaccredited

Florida—Ten of 34 schools that received vouchers this year under an education bill touted by Gov. Jeb Bush were unaccredited, according to the May 26 Palm Beach Post. Last year, six of 24 voucher schools were unaccredited. Lt. Gov. Toni Jennings says the law does not demand accreditation. But members of Bush's own Republican party are demanding an investigation. "I know what I meant. The schools had to be accredited," said Sen. Anna Cowin, who sponsored the bill.

Reading readiness improves

Voucher schools unaccredited Florida—Ten of 34 schools that received vouchers this year under an education bill touted by Gov. Jeb Bush were unaccredited, according to the May 26 Palm Beach...
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In March, the School Board bowed to pressure from parents and students and renewed the charter for the Academy of Communications and Technology in impoverished West Garfield Park, after threatening to shut it down because of low test scores. Principal Sarah Howard talked with Consulting Editor Lorraine Forte about the experience and the school's plan for raising achievement.

The board wants charters to outperform neighborhood schools. Is that fair?

It's part of the deal—autonomy in exchange for student performance.

In March, the School Board bowed to pressure from parents and students and renewed the charter for the Academy of Communications and Technology in impoverished West Garfield Park, after threatening...
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Lawmakers haggle over state aid for schools

SPRINGFIELD—Despite last-minute negotiations over the Memorial Day weekend, the House and Senate remained at odds over how much to raise the basic 'foundation level' of per-pupil funding for schools and how to pay for it.

Earlier this spring, lawmakers passed a bill that would increase the level by $250. But a second bill that would pay for the increase by closing corporate tax loopholes passed in the Senate, then failed in the House by a vote of 23 to 81, despite support from House Speaker Michael Madigan.

Lawmakers haggle over state aid for schools SPRINGFIELD—Despite last-minute negotiations over the Memorial Day weekend, the House and Senate remained at odds over how much to raise the basic '...
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In March, I read a Chicago Tribune article about the shortage of local school council candidates. Thinking I might run for community representative, I called two nearby high schools to see in which attendance area I lived. At the first school, I was referred to an office worker who cut me off saying, "The election is April 22."

I explained that I just wanted to determine if I was in the school's attendance area. "Why do you want to know? Who is this?"

In March, I read a Chicago Tribune article about the shortage of local school council candidates. Thinking I might run for community representative, I called two nearby high schools to see in which...
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MOVING IN/ON Terry Mazany, chief operating officer of the Chicago Community Trust, will step into the top spot when CEO Donald Stewart relinquishes the post on July 1. Stewart, who has led the foundation since 2000, will continue as president until January 2005, when Mazany assumes both titles. Mark Rigdon, formerly a senior program officer at the Spencer Foundation, has joined the Trust in a similar capacity and will be responsible for grant proposals from CPS. ... The Chicago Public Education Fund elected three new members to its board on April 29.

MOVING IN/ON Terry Mazany, chief operating officer of the Chicago Community Trust, will step into the top spot when CEO Donald Stewart relinquishes the post on July 1. Stewart, who has led the...
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By: Catalyst

Miami: School shakeup

Miami: School shakeup Supt. Rudy Crew plans an overhaul of 39 failing schools, according to the Aug. 17 Miami Herald. The plan includes 10 more days in the academic calendar, an extra hour in...
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Como estudiante de primer año en la secundaria Kennedy, Rocio Barba sabía que era buena en matemáticas y pensaba convertirse en una técnica de computadoras. Ahora tiene el honor más alto de la clase del 2004, va en camino a la Universidad de Chicago este otoño y planifica especializarse en matemáticas. Su meta es convertirse en ingeniera.

Como estudiante de primer año en la secundaria Kennedy, Rocio Barba sabía que era buena en matemáticas y pensaba convertirse en una técnica de computadoras. Ahora tiene el honor más alto de la clase...
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Desde hace siete años, una docena de escuelas de Chicago se han hecho miembros de la Organización de Bachillerato Internacional (IBO por sus siglas en inglés), ganando la autorización de ofrecer el prestigioso programa y diploma de Bachillerato Internacional (IB por sus siglas en inglés). Los resultados preliminares de un estudio en la Universidad de DePaul demuestra que los estudiantes están cosechando los beneficios.

Desde hace siete años, una docena de escuelas de Chicago se han hecho miembros de la Organización de Bachillerato Internacional (IBO por sus siglas en inglés), ganando la autorización de ofrecer el...
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WHO CONDUCTED IT: Robert M. Goerge and Robert J. Chaskin, Chapin Hall Center for Children at the University of Chicago.

WHAT THEY FOUND: Freshmen were more likely to spend time alone, with friends or doing homework than they were to engage in structured after-school activities. They also were slightly more likely to be supervising siblings or other kids.

WHO CONDUCTED IT: Robert M. Goerge and Robert J. Chaskin, Chapin Hall Center for Children at the University of Chicago. WHAT THEY FOUND: Freshmen were more likely to spend time alone,...
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Timeline | Elsewhere

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TIMELINE

May 3: Summer jobs

To encourage struggling 8th-graders to sign up for Step Up to High School, CPS

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By 2007, CPS expects to have the schools listed below up and running; some new construction is already in the works. By 2010, CPS plans to open dozens of additional new schools, to replace those in neighborhoods where public housing is being redeveloped and to relieve overcrowding. In addition, the district will also convert another 30 high schools into small schools.

By 2007, CPS expects to have the schools listed below up and running; some new construction is already in the works. By 2010, CPS plans to open dozens of additional new schools, to replace those in...
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